Please write a literature review according to the following outline: 1.the necessaries and significances of group identity. 2.how the extent of group identity affects the intergroup relations. 2.age as a basic standard of group deviation based on the cohort effect theory.
Group identity, defined as an individual's sense of belonging to a particular group, is a fundamental aspect of human social life. It encompasses shared values, beliefs, and norms that bind members together, fostering a sense of unity and collective purpose. The necessity of group identity can be traced back to evolutionary psychology, where belonging to a group was crucial for survival and resource sharing (Baumeister & Leary, 1995).
In contemporary society, group identity continues to play a significant role in various domains, including social cohesion, mental health, and political behavior. Social cohesion is strengthened when individuals identify with a group, as it promotes cooperation and reduces conflicts (Putnam, 2000). From a psychological perspective, group identity contributes to an individual's self-esteem and well-being by providing a sense of belonging and purpose (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Politically, group identity can influence voting patterns and policy preferences, as individuals often align with groups that reflect their values and interests (Huddy, 2001).
The extent of group identity, or the degree to which individuals identify with their group, significantly impacts intergroup relations. Strong group identity can lead to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination, as posited by Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979). This theory suggests that individuals derive part of their self-concept from their group memberships, leading to a preference for their in-group and a bias against out-groups.
Empirical studies have shown that high levels of group identity can exacerbate intergroup conflicts. For instance, Brewer (1999) found that strong in-group identification is associated with increased prejudice and hostility towards out-groups. Conversely, weak group identity can lead to more harmonious intergroup relations, as individuals are less likely to view out-groups as threats (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000).
However, the relationship between group identity and intergroup relations is not always negative. Under certain conditions, strong group identity can promote positive intergroup interactions. For example, when groups share superordinate goals or face common threats, strong group identity can facilitate cooperation and reduce intergroup tensions (Sherif et al., 1961). Additionally, inclusive group identities that emphasize common humanity can mitigate the negative effects of strong group identity on intergroup relations (Gaertner et al., 1993).
Age is a fundamental criterion for group differentiation, and the cohort effect theory provides a framework for understanding how age-based group identities form and evolve. The cohort effect theory posits that individuals born in the same period (cohort) experience similar social, economic, and political conditions, which shape their attitudes, behaviors, and identities (Ryder, 1965).
Research has shown that age cohorts develop distinct identities based on their shared experiences. For instance, the Baby Boomer generation, which grew up during the post-World War II economic boom, tends to value stability and traditional social norms (Inglehart, 1977). In contrast, Millennials, who came of age during the digital revolution, are more likely to embrace diversity and technological innovation (Twenge, 2017).
Age-based group identities can influence intergroup relations in various ways. Older and younger cohorts may have different perspectives on social issues, leading to generational conflicts (Pew Research Center, 2019). However, these differences can also foster intergenerational dialogue and mutual understanding, as each cohort brings unique insights and experiences to the table (Bengtson et al., 2002).
Moreover, age-based group identities can intersect with other social identities, such as race, gender, and socioeconomic status, creating complex patterns of intergroup relations. For example, older minority individuals may face different challenges and hold different perspectives compared to younger minority individuals, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of age-based group identities (Gee et al., 2012).
In conclusion, group identity is a crucial aspect of human social life, influencing social cohesion, mental health, and political behavior. The extent of group identity affects intergroup relations, with strong group identity potentially leading to in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination, but also promoting cooperation under certain conditions. Age, as a basic standard of group deviation, shapes group identities through the cohort effect, influencing intergroup relations across generations. Understanding these dynamics is essential for fostering positive intergroup interactions and addressing social conflicts.